BetaBedsideDx is in beta — content is still being updated. Get 50% off any annual plan with code BETA50. Subscribe
Physical examination maneuver
Physical Exam
Blood Pressure
🎬
Video coming September 2026
How to Perform
Have the patient sit quietly for about 5 minutes with the back supported, legs uncrossed, and feet flat; bare the upper arm and support it at heart level. Choose an appropriately-sized blood pressure cuff and wrap it around the upper arm with the artery marker centered over the brachial artery. Place the stethoscope in your ears, palpate the brachial or radial pulse while inflating the cuff, and inflate to about 30 mmHg above the point where the pulse disappears. Place the stethoscope over the brachial artery and deflate slowly (about 2–3 mmHg per second). Record the pressure at which the repetitive tapping sounds (Korotkoff sounds) first become audible as the systolic pressure and the pressure at which the sounds disappear as the diastolic pressure.
Systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg in a patient with impaired consciousness
Rule in
Very helpfulDerived CI
Rule out
Somewhat helpfulDerived CI
Evidence:Limited
Subclavian Artery Stenosis
Persistent inter-arm systolic blood pressure difference ≥10 mm Hg measured
Rule in
HelpfulDerived CI
Rule out
Somewhat helpfulDerived CI
Evidence:Limited
References
Research in progress on one or more findings above; ratings may change.
McGee S, Abernethy WB 3rd, Simel DL. The rational clinical examination. Is this patient hypovolemic? JAMA. 1999;281(11):1022-1029. doi:10.1001/jama.281.11.1022. PMID: 10086438. DARE quality-assessed abstract: NBK67823 (NCBI Bookshelf, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination).
McGee S, Abernethy WB, Simel DL. The rational clinical examination. Is this patient hypovolemic? JAMA. 1999;281(11):1022-1029. PMID: 10086438.
Ohle R, Kareemi HK, Wells G, Perry JJ. Clinical examination for acute aortic dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2018;25(4):397-412. doi:10.1111/acem.13360. PMID: 29265487.
Zhou Q, Huang S. The Predictive Value of Inter Arm Blood Pressure Difference, Inter Leg Blood Pressure Difference and Ankle Brachial Index for Acute Aortic Dissection. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023;24(1):009. doi:10.31083/j.rcm2401009. PMC11270447 (open access, CC BY 4.0). First author Zhou Q (not Liu).
An X, Dong H, Deng Y, Chen Y, Zou Y, Zhang W, Jiang X. Evaluation of the role of combining inter-arm systolic pressure difference and derivatives of pulse volume recording in detecting subclavian artery stenosis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Sep 15;9:962610. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.962610. PMID: 36186962. PMC9520253. Clark CE, Taylor RS, Shore AC, Ukoumunne OC, Campbell JL. Association of a difference in systolic blood pressure between arms with vascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379(9819):905-914. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61710-8. PMID: 22293369.
Patankar N, Fernandes N, Kumar K, Manja V, Lakshminrusimha S. Does measurement of four-limb blood pressures at birth improve detection of aortic arch anomalies? J Perinatol. 2016;36(5):376-380. doi:10.1038/jp.2015.203. (Free full text via eScholarship qt1sc8v91b.)
Stevenson LW, Perloff JK. The limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic heart failure. JAMA. 1989;261(6):884-888. PMID: 2913385.
Viera AJ, Yano Y, Lin FC, Simel DL, Yun J, Dave G, Von Holle A, Viera LA, Shimbo D, Hardy ST, Donahue KE, Hinderliter A, Voisin CE, Jonas DE. Does this adult patient have hypertension? The Rational Clinical Examination systematic review. JAMA. 2021;326(4):339-347. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.4533. PMID: 34313682.
Zampaglione B, Pascale C, Marchisio M, Cavallo-Perin P. Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. Prevalence and clinical presentation. Hypertension. 1996;27(1):144-147. PMID: 8591878.
Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(12):1795-1815. PMID: 25392034.
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801-810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287. PMID: 26903338.
Wayne EJ. Clinical and metabolic studies in thyroid disease. Br Med J. 1960;1(5166):78-90. (Original Wayne Thyrotoxicosis Diagnostic Index; PMID 13843211.)
Vyas N, Hendren S, Tushar Sehgal DM, et al. The Accuracy of Physical Examination to Diagnose Anemia Among Patients Five Years or Older: A Systematic Review. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2023;39(1):90-101. doi:10.1007/s12288-022-01543-z. PMID: 36699436.
Choudhry NK, Etchells EE. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have aortic regurgitation? JAMA. 1999;281(23):2231-2238. PMID: 10376577. Frank MJ, Casanegra P, Migliori AJ, Levinson GE. The clinical evaluation of aortic regurgitation, with special reference to a neglected sign: the popliteal-brachial pressure gradient. Arch Intern Med. 1965;116(3):357-365. PMID: 14325909.
Frank MJ, Casanegra P, Migliori AJ, Levinson GE. The clinical evaluation of aortic regurgitation, with special reference to a neglected sign: the popliteal-brachial pressure gradient. Arch Intern Med. 1965;116(3):357-365. PMID: 14325909.
Etchells E, Bell C, Robb K. Does this patient have an abnormal systolic murmur? JAMA. 1997;277(7):564-571. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540310062036. PMID: 9032164. Etchells E, Glenns V, Shadowitz S, Bell C, Siu S. A bedside clinical prediction rule for detecting moderate or severe aortic stenosis. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13(10):699-704. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00207.x. PMID: 9798818. Shellenberger RA, Crass S, Jevicks J, Badhwar A, Albright J, Kumar A. Bedside Physical Examination for the Diagnosis of Aortic Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CJC Open. 2023;5(5):373-379. doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2023.02.007. PMID: 37377515. PMC10290951.
Roy CL, Minor MA, Brookhart MA, Choudhry NK. Does this patient with a pericardial effusion have cardiac tamponade? JAMA. 2007;297(16):1810-1818. doi:10.1001/jama.297.16.1810. PMID: 17456823.
Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, Rochwerg B, Kyeremanteng K, Seely AJE, Inaba K, Perry JJ. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection: Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical Examination, Imaging, and LRINEC Score: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Surg. 2019;269(1):58-65. PMID: 29672405.
Herlitz J, Karlson BW, Karlsson T, Svensson L, och Björn Kalin EZ. A description of the characteristics and outcome of patients hospitalized for acute chest pain in relation to whether they were admitted to the coronary care unit or not in the thrombolytic era. Int J Cardiol. 2002;82(3):279-287. PMID: 11911916.
Coburn B, Morris AM, Tomlinson G, Detsky AS. Does this adult patient with suspected bacteremia require blood cultures? JAMA. 2012;308(5):502-511. PMID: 22851117.
Pilatis ND, Jacobs LE, Rerkpattanapipat P, Kotler MN, Owen A, Manzarbeitia C, Reich D, Rothstein K, Munoz SJ. Clinical predictors of pulmonary hypertension in patients undergoing liver transplant evaluation. Liver Transpl. 2000;6(1):85-91. PMID: 10648583.
Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, Bruckman D, Karavite DJ, Russman PL, Evangelista A, Fattori R, Suzuki T, Oh JK, et al. The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease. JAMA. 2000;283(7):897-903. PMID: 10685714.
Quinn JV, Stiell IG, McDermott DA, Sellers KL, Kohn MA, Wells GA. Derivation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with short-term serious outcomes. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;43(2):224-232. PMID: 14747812.
Cretikos M, Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Finfer S, Flabouris A. The objective medical emergency team activation criteria: a case-control study. Resuscitation. 2007;73(1):62-72. PMID: 17241732.
Cretikos M, Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Finfer S, Flabouris A; MERIT study investigators. The objective medical emergency team activation criteria: a case-control study. Resuscitation. 2007;73(1):62-72. PMID: 17241732.
Gibson TA, Weiss RE, Sun BC. Predictors of Short-Term Outcomes after Syncope: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. West J Emerg Med. 2018;19(3):517-523. PMID: 29760850.
Panzer RJ, Feibel JH, Barker WH, Griner PF. Predicting the likelihood of hemorrhage in patients with stroke. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145(10):1800-1803. PMID: 4037940.
Harrison MJG. Clinical distinction of cerebral haemorrhage and cerebral infarction. Postgrad Med J. 1980;56(659):629-632. PMID: 7465470.
Lemeshow S, Teres D, Klar J, Avrunin JS, Gehlbach SH, Rapoport J. Mortality Probability Models (MPM II) based on an international cohort of intensive care unit patients. JAMA. 1993;270(20):2478-2486. PMID: 8230626.
Shapiro NI, Wolfe RE, Moore RB, Smith E, Burdick E, Bates DW. Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score: a prospectively derived and validated clinical prediction rule. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(3):670-675. PMID: 12626967.
Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Alpert JS, et al. Cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction: incidence and mortality from a community-wide perspective, 1975 to 1988. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(16):1117-1122. PMID: 1891019.
Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Hill AT. Systolic blood pressure is superior to other haemodynamic predictors of outcome in community acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2008;63(8):698-702. PMID: 18492742.
Kristensen AK, Holler JG, Mikkelsen S, Hallas J, Lassen A. Systolic blood pressure and short-term mortality in the emergency department and prehospital setting: a hospital-based cohort study. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):158. PMID: 25888035.
Chasapi A, Mbonye KA, Bajomo O, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of decompensation in acute severe aortic regurgitation due to infective endocarditis. Echocardiography. 2021;38(4):590-595. PMID: 33711172.
Ikeda M, Matsunaga T, Irabu N, Yoshida S. Using vital signs to diagnose impaired consciousness: cross sectional observational study. BMJ. 2002;325(7368):800-802. PMID: 12376438.
Cavallini MC, Roman MJ, Blank SG, Pini R, Pickering TG, Devereux RB. Association of the auscultatory gap with vascular disease in hypertensive patients. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(10):877-883. PMID: 8610916.
Muntner P, Shimbo D, Carey RM, et al. Measurement of blood pressure in humans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2019;73(5):e35-e66.