Lachman

References

• Sokal PA, Norris R, Maddox TW, Oldershaw RA. The diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for anterior cruciate ligament tears are comparable but the Lachman test has been previously overestimated: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2022;30(10):3287-3303. doi:10.1007/s00167-022-06898-4. PMID: 35150292. PMC9464183 (open access CC BY 4.0). PROSPERO registration CRD42021231446. PRISMA-compliant systematic review with bivariate random-effects meta-analysis; QUADAS-2 risk-of-bias assessment. 24 studies included (from 33,917 initial citations screened across PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Web of Science). Reference standards: arthroscopy or MRI. The headline Lachman pool cited here (sens 81%, spec 85%) is the BIVARIATE pool drawn from 12 of the 24 included studies; the univariate pool draws from 23 studies and yields different headline numbers (sens 85%, spec 93%) that match prior reviews but do not properly account for the negative correlation between sens and spec across studies.
• Solomon DH, Simel DL, Bates DW, Katz JN, Schaffer JL. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have a torn meniscus or ligament of the knee? Value of the physical examination. JAMA. 2001 Oct 3;286(13):1610-1620. doi:10.1001/jama.286.13.1610. PMID 11585485. Free DARE summary at NCBI Bookshelf NBK68703. (JAMA Rational Clinical Examination original article.) MEDLINE 1966-Dec 2000 + HealthSTAR 1975-Dec 2000 search; reference standard arthroscopy or open surgery.
• Torg JS, Conrad W, Kalen V. Clinical diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament instability in the athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1976;4(2):84-93.